Mechanical Cold Stimulus Helps Release of PDGF from Platelet Granules: A Pilot Study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21276/apalm.3611Keywords:
Platelet-rich plasma, Platelet-derived growth Factor, cold stimulusAbstract
Background: Platelets are produced and released into the bloodstream by megakaryocytes, which reside within the bone marrow. It is pivotal in healing, hemostasis, and inducing inflammatory responses. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), a critical cytokine, is released from the alpha granules of platelets and plays a significant role as a stimulator of cell division, blood vessel proliferation, and the proliferation of mesenchymal cells, including fibroblasts, osteoblasts, and vascular smooth muscle cells. PDGF also plays a role in inducing inflammation and promoting wound healing. Aims and Objectives: The study aimed to assess the PDGF concentration in PRP at 24°C and 4°C following cold stimulation.
Methods: A total of 24 healthy volunteers participated in this study. A 10 mL blood sample was collected from their antecubital vein using a citrated Vacutainer in an aseptic manner. Four samples were discarded due to hemolysis, and six due to a low platelet count. Fourteen PRP samples were aliquoted into two parts for PDGF estimation at room temperature (22±2°C) and after cold stimulation at 4°C for 10 min using the sandwich ELISA method.
Results: Semi-quantitative estimation of PDGF in normal (room temperature) and at 4°C shows a significant difference in OD value (P<0.001). PDGF value showed a moderate, positive correlation with the platelet number in PRP.
Conclusion: The study concluded that cold exposure was strongly correlated with an increase in platelet count and PDGF concentration, which may explain the initiation of growth factor-induced rapid wound healing in cold-compressed traumatic injuries in local areas.
References
1. Locatelli L, Colciago A, Castiglioni S, Maier JA. Platelets in Wound Healing: What Happens in Space? Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2021 Oct 25:9:716184. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.716184.
2. Nurden AT. The biology of the platelet with special reference to inflammation, wound healing and immunity. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2018 Jan 1;23(4):726-51.
3. Periayah MH, Halim AS, Saad AZ. Mechanism of action of platelets and crucial blood coagulation pathways in hemostasis. International Journal of Haematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Research. 2017 Oct 10:11(4):319.
4. Etulain J. Platelets in wound healing and regenerative medicine. Platelets. 2018 Aug 18:29(6):556-68.
5. Brewer DB. Max Schultze (1865), G. Bizzozero (1882) and the discovery of the platelet. Br J Haematol. 2006 May: 133(3):251-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2006.06036.x.
6. Briggs C, Harrison P, Machin SJ. Continuing developments with the automated platelet count 1. International Journal of Laboratory Haematology. 2007 Apr;29(2):77-91.
7. Parise LV, Smyth SS, Coller BS. Platelet morphology, biochemistry and function. Williams haematology. 2001; 7:1597-645.
8. Nurden AT, Nurden P, Sanchez M, Andia I, Anitua E. Platelets and wound healing. Front Biosci. 2008 Jan; 13(9):3532-48.
9. Beura SK, Panigrahi AR, Yadav P, Agrawal S. Singh SK. The role of neurons and glial cells in wound healing from a novel perspective, considering platelets as a conventional player. Molecular Neurobiology. 2021 Oct 11:1-24.
10. Kim DA, Ashworth KJ, Di Paola J, Ku DN. Platelet -granules are required for occlusive high-shear-rate thrombosis. Blood Adv. 2020 Jul 28;4(14):3258-3267. doi: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002117.
11. Sharda A, Flaumenhaft R. The life cycle of platelet granules. F1000Res. 2018 Feb 28;7:236. doi: 10.12688/f1000research. 13283.1.
12. Rozman P, Bolta Z. Use of platelet growth factors in treating wounds and soft-tissue injuries. Acta Dermatovenerologica Alpina Panonica et Adriatica. 2007 Dec 1;16(4):156.
13. Cattaneo M, Canciani MT, Lecchi A, Kinlough-Rathbone RL, Packham MA, Mannucci PM, et al. Released adenosine diphosphate stabilises thrombin-induced human platelet aggregates.
14. Lubkowska A, Dolegowska B, Banfi G. Growth factor content in PRP and their applicability in medicine. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2012 Apr 1;26(2 Suppl 1):3S-22S.
15. Smith CW. Release of o-granule contents during platelet activation. Platelets. 2022 May 19:33(4):491-502.
16. Johnson Jr RG. Accumulation of biological amines into chromaffin granules: a model for hormone and neurotransmitter transport. Physiological Reviews. 1988 Jan 1;68(1):232-307.
17. Fritsma GA. Platelet structure and function. Clinical Laboratory Science. 2015 Apr 1:28(2):125.
18. Hannink M. Donoghue DJ. Structure and function of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and related proteins. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Reviews on Cancer. 1989 Jul 28;989(1):1-0.
19. Bonner JC. Regulation of PDGF and its receptors in fibrotic diseases. Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews. 2004 Aug 1;15(4):255-73.
20. Barrientos S, Stojadinovic O, Golinko MS, Brem H, Tomic-Canic M. Growth factors and cytokines in wound healing. Wound Repair and Regeneration. 2008 Sep;16(5):585-601.
21. Fredriksson L, Li H, Eriksson U. The PDGF family: four gene products form five dimeric isoforms. Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews. 2004 Aug 1;15(4):197-204.
22. Bhandari B, Grandaliano G, Abboud HE. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) BB homodimer regulates PDGF A-and PDGF B-chain gene transcription in human mesangial cells. Biochemical Journal. 1994 Jan 15:297(2):385-8.
23. Pierce GF, Mustoe TA, Altrock BW, Deuel TF, Thomason A. Role of platelet-derived growth factor in wound healing. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 1991 Apr 45(4):319-26.
24. Transfusion Medicine Technical manual, Third edition, 2022, DGHS, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India.
25. Croisé, B., Paré, A., Joly, A., Louisy, A., Laure, B., & Goga, D. (2020). Optimised centrifugation preparation of the platelet-rich plasma: Literature review. Journal of Stomatology. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 121(2), 150-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jormas.2019.07.001
26. Farrell L, Puig-Barbe A, Haque MI, Amcheslavsky A, Yu M, Bergmann A, et al. Actin remodeling mediates ROS production and JNK activation to drive apoptosis-induced proliferation. PLoS Genetics. 2022 Dec 5:18(12):e1010533.
27. Caplan AI, Correa D. PDGF in bone formation and regeneration: new insights into a novel mechanism involving MSCs. Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 2011 Dec: 29(12):1795-803.
28. Chen M, Chang C, Levian B, Woodley DT, Li W. Why are there so few FDA-approved therapeutics for wound healing? International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023 Oct 12;24(20):15109.
29. Kolimi P. Narala S, Nyavanandi D, Youssef AA, Dudhipala N. Innovative treatment strategies to accelerate wound healing: trajectory and recent advancements. Cells. 2022 Aug 6;11(15):2439.
30. Nair PM, Meledeo MA, Wells AR, Wu X, Bynum JA, Leung KP, et al. Cold-stored platelets have better preserved contractile function in comparison with room temperature-stored platelets over 21 days. Transfusion. 2021 Jul;61:S68-79.
31. Tablin F, Walker NJ, Klein SD, Field CL, Crowe JH. Animal models for studies on cold-induced platelet activation in human beings. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 2000 Apr 1;135(4):339-46.
32. Franklin SP, Birdwhistell KE, Strelchik A, Garner BC, Brainard BM. Influence of cellular composition and exogenous activation on growth factor and cytokine concentrations in canine platelet-rich plasmas. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2017 Apr 5:4:40.
33. Muthuprabakaran K, Pai VV, Ahmad S. Shukla P. A cross-sectional analysis of the effects of various centrifugation speeds and inclusion of the buffy coat in platelet-rich plasma preparation. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology. 2021 Oct 23;87(6):792-9.
34. Montolío M, Herrera D, Roque Al, Franch J. Growth factor concentration in canine platelet-rich plasma and platelet lysate is correlated with platelet number. Comparative Clinical Pathology. 2025 May 8:1-9.
35. Castillo TN, Pouliot MA, Kim HJ, Dragoo JL. Comparison of growth factor and platelet concentration from commercial platelet-rich plasma separation systems. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2011 Feb 39(2):266-71.
36. Weibrich G, Kleis WK, Hafner G, Hitzler WE. Growth factor levels in platelet-rich plasma correlate with donor age, sex, and platelet count. Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery. 2002 Apr 1:30(2):97-102.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Biplabendu Talukder, Sunirmal Choudhury, Soumen Saha, Sambit Samanta, Rajib Chakraborty, Prasun Bhattacharya
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access at http://opcit.eprints.org/oacitation-biblio.html).
